Definition and Examples of Elocution in English

Elocution is the art of effective public speaking, with particular attention to the clear, distinct, and socially acceptable pronunciation  of words. Adjective: elocutionary. In classical rhetoric, delivery (or actio) and style (or elocutio) were considered separate divisions of the traditional rhetorical process. See: rhetorical canons. Etymology:  From the Latin, utterance, expression Pronunciation:  e-leh-KYU-shen Also Known  As:  elocutio, style Examples and Observations The word elocution means something quite different to us from what it meant to the classical rhetorician. We associate the word with the act of speaking (hence, the elocution contest)... But for the classical rhetorician, elocutio meant style. ...All rhetorical considerations of style involved some discussion of choice of words, usually under such headings as correctness, purity..., simplicity, clearness, appropriateness, ornateness.Another subject of consideration was the composition or arrangement of words in phrases or clauses (or, to use the rhetorical term, periods). Involved here were discussions of correct syntax or collocation of words; patterns of sentences (e.g. parallelism, antithesis); proper use of conjunctions and other correlating devices both within the sentence and between sentences...A great deal of attention was paid, of course, to tropes and figures.(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. Oxford University. Press, 199 9)​The Elocutionary MovementVarious factors contributed to heightened interest in the study of elocution in both the 18th and 19th centuries. Numerous scholars recognized that traditional students interested in the ministry or the bar were lacking effective speaking skills, and attempts were made to overcome these deficiencies. Beginning in England and continuing in the United States, elocution became the main focus of rhetoric during this time. . . .In studying elocution, students were primarily concerned with four things: bodily gestures, voice management, pronunciation, and vocal production (the actual formation of the sounds of speech). (Brenda Gabioud Brown, Elocution. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication From Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996)The Principal Parts of ElocutionElocution (elocutio) . . . is the proper exposition of the appropriate words (idonea verba) and thoughts (idoneae sententiae) suitabl e to the things invented and arranged (res inventae et dispositae).Its principal parts are elegance, dignity, and composition . . .. Elegance is sensed most frequently in words and thoughts; dignity in the brilliance of the figures of words and thoughts . . .; and composition in the joining of words, in the period, and in the rhythm. (Giambattista Vico, The Art of Rhetoric (Institutiones Oratoriae), 1711-1741, trans. G. A. Pinton and A. W. Shippee, 1996)The clear enunciation of separate words and their elements.The just expression of the sense of words in connected discourse.Appropriate gesture, comprehending under this head the attitude, motions, and aspect of countenance most suitable to lend animation and force to speech.The Requisites of a Good DeliveryElocution is the art of delivering written or spoken language in the way best calculated to express the sense, beauty, or force of the words employed by the speaker.The requisites of a good delivery are:(Alexander Kennedy Isbister , Outlines of Elocution and Correct Reading, 1870)Lord Chesterfield on Becoming a Fine SpeakerThe vulgar look upon a man, who is reckoned a fine speaker, as a phenomenon, a supernatural being, and endowed with some peculiar gift of Heaven; they stare at him, if he walks in the park, and cry, that is he. You will, I am sure, view him in a juster light, and nulla formidine [without apprehension]. You will consider him only as a man of good sense, who adorns common thoughts with the graces of elocution, and the elegance of style. The miracle will then cease; and you will be convinced, that with the same application, and attention to the same objects, you may most certainly equal, and perhaps surpass, this prodigy. (Philip Stanhope, letter to his son, February 15, 1754)Teachers of ElocutionIf there is a word more repellent than all others to an actor, or to the descendant of actors, it is the word elocution. It is saying a good deal, but, probably, outside of patent medicines, there is no humbug so great as characterizes nine tenths of elocution teaching. Men and women utterly incapable of speaking one sentence naturally undertake to make public speakers. What is the result? Pulpit, bar, rostrum, and stage teem with speakers that mouth, orate, rant, chant, and intone, but are never natural. It is a grievous evil. That elocution can be taught I have no doubt, but I know that most teachers are to be shunned as you would shun the plague.(American journalist and actress Kate Field, quoted by Alfred Ayres in Acting and Actors, Elocution and Elocutionists: A Book About Theater Folk and Theater Art, 1903)

TravelCo Example

Essays on TravelCo Lab Report Event Planning For Travel.Co Introduction and Content Travel.Co is a multinational company that has had numerous milestones over the last couple of years. The company is known to be a leader in the operation of travel agencies. Due to this, it has managed to accrue a number of other agencies of similar criteria all through Europe. The company in the recent past has had plans of holding an event in which different groups of people are invited. The event has two main purposes; one of them is the reward and commendation of the different managers in different categories in the company due to their achievements in the previous sessions. Another reason as to why the event is being organized is so as to put the managers and the leaders of the company in a common room where they could exchange ideas with the intent of setting targets for the upcoming season. For the optimization of the event, there should be a set theme for the event. The theme of the event should be something inspiring such as it should draw attention to the people at the event that the event is just not there for fun but rather to try and optimize the results of the company (Williams, 2007). I t is due to this that a theme focused on market capitalization be chosen. The destination for the event should be somewhere central where all travel branch managers can avail themselves without fail. Destination Choice The choice of destination as stated is to ensure that all the managers attend the event so as to gain insight on the way to run the agencies and also to receive credit for work well done. The attendance of all the managers at the central place will also serve to show how corporate the company is. This is due to the fact that without doubt, the managers are bound to arrive at the event using the company’s assets and travel means. This would serve to show how elaborate the company has been as the people would be from different points in Europe. The central place is also important in that it assists in that there will be the holding of a few forums that will educate the people of the locality on the milestones accomplished by the company and thus this will lead to an education influx on the side of the people (Stephen, 2010). With this, they will most probably change their travel agencies to those of Travel.Co. This will serve as an advantage to the company in that it will be able to receive much more income. Venue Choice As identified, the criterion is supposed to be a central location where all the relevant parties can meet up. In conducting research of the most appropriate central place to meet, there has been the challenge of choosing the best as there are three most suitable venues. One of the venues was an abandoned trailer park where there was free space to set up tents and all the necessary goods. This could have been a very smart idea due to the fact that the place is abandoned hence there could be the privacy needed at first to have an in depth analysis of the company’s achievements and backdrops in the previous year. After the analysis it would have been great to invite people for an after party. However, further scrutiny of the idea reveals that the venue is not at all classy for an international company that aims at retaining its market leadership. Another venue that I found most appropriate for the company to hold the event was at a great and respectable hotel in the City. This was applicable due to the fact that it eliminated the barrier of shadiness. The place is elegant with a taste of class and most certainly the managers and the board of the company will be more than glad to hold the party there. However, the barrier that comes into picture when dealing with the issue is that the Chief Executive Officer of the company did not want the event to be widely advocated for in the press. This is because they would be sure to catch up with the company at the hotel but rather insisted on a private event after which they would get a one on one with the locals. It was after further review of the locality that I have come up with the perfect venue for the event. It is a beach house for rent that is located 15 kilometers from the airport which is approximately a 10 to 15 minute drive. The beach house is serine with the calmness that would help the managers get off their business attitudes for a while and just relax as they enjoy the breeze on the outside (Woods, 2009). This is important as it would help their minds rejuvenate and moreover, the event was for the celebration of achievements hence fun had to be a major aspect of consideration. Event Programme In the event planning, one of the major aspects to consider is that of the schedule or in a professional term, the programme for the event. This will be sent out to all the attendants so as to keep them posted on the way the event is going to run and not feel out of the loop. It is predetermined that the visitors will have to use night flights so as to arrive at the destination in time and hence the event is scheduled to begin at around 8 in the morning. The scheduled time for guest arrival is given the range between 8 and 9 am. After the guests have arrived, they are given around one hour to mingle with each other as they get acquainted ad discuss corporate dealings. At around 11 am, the Master of Ceremony is supposed to take to the stage and officially welcome everybody to the event. After this, he should invite the director of the corporation to the stage which should be around 12 to clearly define the objectives of the event. This should take approximately 15 minutes and at a quarter past 12, the director should pave way for the Chief Executive Officer of the company to hit the stage and state the achievements of the corporation acknowledge and reward the performance of the respective managers and generate an open discussion of setting targets for the coming year. This should be done by around 3 pm. From 3pm, the event will take a twist from the all corporate mindset to a relaxing mood by having refreshments and snacks. After that there should be a little more mingling between the attendees and this is scheduled to continue up to around 5 in the evening. From there, dinner will be served to allow the ones taking night flights to do so in time and for those taking morning flights, accommodation is available. Budgeting The budgeting for the event is quite simple as all the bills will be accommodated by the company. The approximate and average fare for all the managers to travel in and out of the destination area is 1500 each. Since they are 50 managers, the total cost will be 1500 * 50 =75000$. On the side of food and refreshments, the total amount is bound to be around 15000$. The renting of the venue for two days is bound to add up to around 30000$. The rewards that will be awarded to the most competitive managers should add up to around 50000$. The total amount of money bound to be spent in the event is around 200000 $ give or take .The event is expected to be a complete success without any mishaps and this should lead to greater inspiration on the part of the managers and also set some form of challenge for the incompetent managers (Jackson, 2010). Conclusion and Summary of Main Points The event being a celebratory kind of party should be portrayed in a manner that is most appealing to the company managers. The board members of the company should be sure to appreciate the efforts of the managers. However, while doing this, they should be sure to urge them to work even harder for the optimization of results. The attendees should be at the provided venue in time in order to avoid inconveniences. When all the plans are well laid out and all factors counted in, the event will be a great success. References Woods, F. (2009). Recreational Management: A Complete Guide. New York: McGraw Hill Publishers. Jackson, D. (2010). Event Organization: The Pros and Cons. London: Oxford University Press. Williams, R. (2007). Organizational Management and Perks. New York: Cengage Learning. Stephen, T. (2010). Human Resource Management: In depth Review. New York: McGraw Hill Publishers.

How Pregnancy Impacted Her Life Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

After a brief debut, place one illustration of how gestation has impacted on this adult female and her household. You are expected to see either the sociological or psychological position of a normal version to gestation in this subdivision. The purpose of this essay is to analyze how gestation has impacted the life of a adult female and her household and the prenatal attention provided to the adult female during her gestation. We will write a custom essay sample on How Pregnancy Impacted Her Life Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The facets in the prenatal scrutiny being studied are the measuring of blood force per unit area and fundal tallness. These appraisals are both effectual in supervising the wellness and wellbeing of the female parent and the foetus and besides in observing when wellness and wellbeing are endangered ( Fontein 2009 ) . Sarah and John, the twosome in this survey, are in their late mid-twentiess and have been married for three old ages. Sarah is a gravida I, and 36 hebdomads into an un-planned gestation. The twosome are both professionals, Sarah holding worked as an air traffic accountant for the last 5 old ages and John running his ain belongings concern. All names have been changed to keep confidentiality and protect individuality, following with RCM guidelines that everyone has the right to confidentiality. Before going pregnant, Sarah was in control of every facet of her life, including her work, her organic structure and how she spent her free clip. She has found this progressively hard as her gestation has progressed ; she is non merely confronting physical challenges but psychological 1s excessively, doing her to endure from many insecurities and anxiousnesss ( Forrest 2009 ) . Snow ( 2008 ) explains that there is a perceptual experience that maternity is an inevitable province that all adult females aspire to, nevertheless the intelligence of gestation can be accepted unconditionally or with many reserves ( Fontein 2009 ) . The twosome did non experience it was the right clip to get down a household, but did non see abortion or acceptance to be suited alternate, so made the determination to go on with the gestation. Sarah arrived at the 36 hebdomad prenatal assignment distressed, uncovering that it has become excessively hard for her to get by with the long hours and switch work that come with being an air traffic accountant, so she has had to take her pregnancy leave two hebdomads earlier than she hoped. Pregnancy is a clip of rapid and frequently unsought alterations in the organic structure ( Baston and Hall 2009 ) and Sarah is resentful of how these physical alterations have made working hard. Dunkley-Bent ( 2011 ) depict how it is frequently necessary to set working pattern for a pregnant adult female ‘s safety and comfort, but these alterations have caused Sarah to experience unequal and saddened over her lost professional individuality. Sarah worked difficult to accomplish her professional position and feels grieved that she has had to give up this place and enter domesticity, where her publicities and work accomplishments will hold small value ( Snow 2008 ) . Sarah ‘s overall loss of individuality has been one of the more hard passages for her to cover with during the gestation ; going a female parent requires a cardinal passage to a new individuality but there is struggle between this and a adult female ‘s old independency and life style ( Snow 2008 ) . In their personal life, Sarah and John have ever been active, traveling on skiing holidaies, cycling vacations and taking portion in athleticss such as jogging and spin categories. Due to her increasing size during gestation, a adult female may experience excessively tired, breathless and bulky to take portion in physical activity ( Paradice 2002 ) and Sarah has felt her size is restricting her exercising government. The rapid physical alterations that a adult female undergoes in gestation occur whether adult females want them to or non and some adult females can happen this alteration of physical individuality hard, go forthing her feeling vulnerable ( Spencer 2011 ) . Sarah has ever taken pride in her organic structure and like many adult females, her altering organic structure image has made her feel unattractive ( Fontein 2009 ) . Fontein ( 2009 ) depicts gestation as an event that turns a adult female into a female parent and a adult male into a male parent, so this alteration in individuality is non merely impacting Sarah, but besides John, as they are get downing to come in a new stage in their relationship. John feels that his friends are less inclusive of him and position him otherwise because of his pending function as a male parent. Often, if a twosome are the first among their friends to go pregnant, they may lose those friends as a consequence of come ining a phase in their life non understood by their equals ( Fontein 2009 ) . B ) Discuss one of the planned normal physical showing observations undertaken by the accoucheuse to measure the wellness of this adult female in the prenatal period. Describe the relevant implicit in normal anatomy and physiology and current grounds for this observation. During the prenatal assignment, a showing technique used to measure Sarah ‘s wellness is the measurement of her blood force per unit area, defined by Johnson and Taylor ( 2011 ) as the force applied on the blood vas walls by the blood. Blood force per unit area should be measured at every prenatal assignment to place any divergence from the norm ( National Collaborating Centre for Women ‘s and Children ‘s Health 2008 ) that may bespeak upsets such as preeclampsia. In a non-pregnant healthy grownup, blood force per unit area is around 120/80mmHg ; systolic force per unit area happening due to the left ventricle forcing blood into the aorta and diastolic force per unit area happening when the bosom is resting after complete cardiac diastole ( Waugh and Grant 2010 ) . During gestation, increasing degrees of Lipo-Lutin, relaxin and prostacyclin have a vasodilatory consequence on blood vas walls, diminishing peripheral vascular opposition and doing a little lessening in blood force per unit area ( Tucker Blackburn 2007 ) . Murray and Hassell ( 2009 ) suggest that by 24 hebdomads gestation the mean lessening Sarah would hold experienced is 5-10mmHg below her original systolic blood force per unit area and 10-15mmHg lessening in diastolic blood force per unit area. Vasodilation, caused by the lessening in peripheral vascular opposition, puts the organic structure in a province of hypovolaemia ( McNabb 2011 ) , which initiates a rise in shot volume, bosom rate and blood volume. This addition in blood volume is composed chiefly of a rise in plasma volume of up to 45-50 % , and secondly of ruddy cell mass, increasing by 20 % above non-pregnant values ; McNabb ( 2011 ) distinguishes between the clip frame of these alterations, with plasma volume increasing in the beginning of the first trimester and happening more quickly in the 2nd trimester, while ruddy cell mass enlargement begins in the 2nd trimester and reaches its extremum in the 3rd trimester. The addition in blood volume is thought to be tantamount to one liter ( Fraser and Cooper 2008 ) . Therefore from the center of gestation, Sarah ‘s blood force per unit area has bit by bit increased, and will return to pre-pregnancy degrees merely before term ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . The equipment used by a accoucheuse to mensurate blood force per unit area includes a sphygmomanometer, a turnup and a stethoscope. Measuring blood force per unit area is done by exercising a mensural sum of force per unit area on an arteria utilizing an inflatable turnup, which occludes the blood flow, and when the force per unit area is released the stethoscope is used to hear Korotkoff sounds, which occur as blood begins to flux back through the arteria ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . Anaeroid manometers are chiefly used as they are lightweight, compact and portable, even though they are non every bit accurate as quicksilver column manometers ; conversely, quicksilver is risky to wellness and no longer used ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . Donaldson and Ness ( 2009 ) suggest that the ideal topographic point for the turnup to be placed is the upper arm, three to five centimeters above the point at which the brachial arteria can be palpated, puting the stethoscope on this point. Inside t he turnup is an inelastic fabric that contains a vesica which should encircle 80 % of the adult female ‘s arm ( Edmunds et. al 2011 ) . It is when the vesica is inflated to a higher force per unit area than the arteria that the turnup occludes blood flow, doing it to discontinue ( Nicol et. al 2008 ) . As the turnup is deflated the five stages of the Korotfkoff sounds can be heard, get downing with weak tapping sounds that addition with strength ( Korotkoff stage I ) , bespeaking systolic force per unit area, and stoping with silence ( Korotkoff stage V ) , bespeaking diastolic force per unit area. In some grownups, particularly during gestation, ‘Korotkoff stage V ‘ may be absent ; Johnson and Taylor ( 2011 ) suggest that in these fortunes ‘Korotkoff stage IV ‘ , muffled sounds which become softer, should be used to bespeak diastolic force per unit area and it should be documented that stage IV was used. Techniques and differences in measuring will act upon the result of the blood force per unit area reading, so it is hence of import to be consistent and methodical when measuring blood force per unit area, doing the observation an accurate appraisal of perinatal wellness ( Blackburn 2007 ) . Sarah was encouraged to empty her vesica, allowed to rest for five proceedingss, assisted into a sitting place and asked to take compressing vesture on her upper arm as all these factors can bring forth a falsely high reading ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . Huston and Millar ( 2009 ) stress the importance of choosing the right turnup size, as a turnup that is excessively big will bespeak a falsely low reading, while a turnup that is excessively little will give a falsely high reading. The adult female should non hold had nutrient, intoxicant, caffeine, a coffin nail or exercising within the last 30 proceedingss as this will besides impact the blood force per unit area measuring ( Nicol et. al 2008 ) . Sarah was besides seated in a relaxed and quiet environment ( National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence 2011 ) with her arm outstretched and supported ; an unsupported arm can increase diastolic force per unit area by up to 10 % ( O’Brien et. Al 2003 cited in Edmunds et. al 2011 ) . Sarah had antecedently had her blood force per unit area measured at old prenatal assignments, but when testing for the first clip the procedure should be explained and discussed with the adult female, doing certain that informed consent is gained at every measuring ( Nursing and Midwifery Council 2012 ) . The recommended process harmonizing to Walker ( 2011 ) , Edmunds et. Al ( 2011 ) and NICE ( 2011 ) advises that on the initial contact with the adult female, blood force per unit area should be done on both the left and right arm, entering the higher of the blood force per unit area readings. It is besides recommended that before the stethoscope is used to hear the Korotkoff sounds, the pulsation in the brachial arteria should be palpated, blow uping the turnup and feeling for when the pulsation is no longer tangible ; this value should so be the estimation of the systolic reading ( Quayle 2008, Nicol et. al 2008 ) and when mensurating blood force per unit area the turnup should be inflated to 30mmHg above this estimation to forestall unneeded uncomfortableness ( Nice 2011 ) . However, this is non ever what is practiced when blood force per unit area has been measured antecedently, as a old measuring is frequently used by the accoucheuse as an estimation. Sarah ‘s blood force per unit area was in the normal scope and consistent with her old measurings so although the symptoms of preeclampsia were discussed, i.e. frontal concerns and hydrops, there was no concern or necessitate for farther probe. degree Celsius ) Midwives assess and screen foetal well-being by mensurating uterine growing. Describe the relevant implicit in normal anatomy and physiology. Then discuss an observation that the accoucheuse undertakes to measure fetal/uterine growing guaranting that you apply current grounds and see its effectivity as a tool. Symphisis fundal height measuring is an abdominal scrutiny used to test and measure foetal growing and size, assisting to observe when there is a divergence from the normal patterned advance of growing ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . It is the most common method used to measure foetal growing and as the fundus moves in a cephalic way the findings can be plotted against a standard curve, bespeaking the general form foetal growing ( Stables 2005 ) . Before gestation, the womb has a volume of and weight of about 50 gms ( McNabb 2010 ) and is located in the pelvic pit, anterverted and anteflexed, in a superior place to the vesica ( Coad and Dunstall 2011 ) . Tucker Blackburn ( 2007 ) explains that enlargement of the uterus Begins instantly after nidation of the fertilized ovum, overall increasing in length, weight, deepness, breadth, volume and capacity and this causes it to lose its anteverted and anteflexed construction ; it becomes vertical before being rotated to the right due to force per unit area of the colon ( Coad and Dunstall 2011 ) . Growth is stimulated by Lipo-Lutin, human chorionic gonadotropin, oestrogen, Pitocin and dilatation caused by the placenta, amnionic fluid and turning foetus ( McNabb 2010 ) . By 12 hebdomads, the uterine pit is filled by the foetus, leting the fundus to be palpated at the pelvic lip ( Coad and Dunstall 2011 ) . During the 2nd trimester, the uterus becomes ovoid as its length increases more than it width ; the spherical form of the fundus going more dome form as it is distended in a cephalic way ( Tucker Blackburn 2007 ) so by 16 hebdomads, the fundus is about midway to the navel ( Bharj and Henshaw 2011 ) . This growing causes the womb to travel into the abdominal pit so by 20 hebdomads gestation the tallness of the uterine fundus can be felt at the maternal navel and by the 3rd trimester, the womb reaches about to the liver ( Tucker Blackburn 2007 ) . By 36 hebdomads, the weight of the womb has increased to 1100 gms with an mean volume of 5 liters ( McNabb 2010 ) and the fundus can be felt at the maternal xiphisternum ( Bharj and Henshaw 2011 ) . Coad and Dunstall ( 2011 ) explain that throughout this expanision of the womb the uterine musculus undergoes hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and the uterine wall additions in thickness to 10 to 25mm. This so thins to 5 to 10mm by term gestation due to distention, leting for easier tactual exploration of the foetal place, incr eased visibleness of motions and more accurate symphisis fundal tallness measuring ( Tucker Blackburn 2007 ) . Harmonizing to the National Collaborating Centre for Women ‘s and Children ‘s Health ( 2008 ) measuring should happen at every everyday prenatal assignment between 25 and 36 hebdomads, as any clip before this the information is non accurate and hence has no clinical value. As Sarah is within this bracket of gestation, this appraisal was offered to her and her consent was gained to mensurate and feel her venters. To fix a adult female for any abdominal scrutiny, including mensurating the symphisis fundal tallness, an account should be given before, during, and after the process, guaranting that informed consent is gained before get downing the scrutiny ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) and that findings are discussed throughout the scrutiny ( Viccars 2009 ) . Care should be taken to guarantee the adult female is comfy, with her weaponries by her side to let relaxation of the abdominal musculuss ( Fraser and Cooper ) and that she non in a to the full supine place, particularly in ulterior gestation, to avoid aortocaval occlusion ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . A survey undertaken by Engstrom et. Al ( 1993 cited by Viccars 2009 ) compared the different places that abdominal tactual exploration can be achieved in, such as supine, bole lift and articulatio genus flexure, and came to the decision that there were important differences between each place when mensurating fundal tallness. In reponse to this, Viccars ( 2009 ) recommends that it is of import to do certain the adult female is systematically in the same place at each prenatal cheque. Sarah was encouraged to empty her vesica, as a full vesica can do the scrutiny uncomfortable and besides can change the tallness of the fundus, hence impacting the truth of the measuring ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . It was besides ensured that Sarah ‘s self-respect was maintained, as the old organic structure image issues described may do embarrassment and malaise when exposing her venters. This is the instance for m any other adult females, particularly if they have old cicatrixs, suffer from striae gravidarum, or have ocular harm from domestic force ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . Fraser and Cooper ( 2008 ) suggest that merely the portion of the venters that is being palpated should be exposed and the balance should be covered for privateness. The effectivity of utilizing symphisis fundal height measuring as a tool to place divergence from the norm depends on the consistence of the method used by the practician and besides on the uterine environment ( Viccars 2009 ) . If the practician undertakes the measuring the same manner each clip so this should increase sensitiveness and specificity, cut downing false positives and false negatives. However, due to uncertainness of where to take the measuring from, differences in methods between testers and differences in maternal place, the usage of symphisis fundal tallness to mensurate foetal growing has been criticised as being inaccurate ( Baston and Hall 2009 ) . Johnson and Taylor ( 2011 ) emphasizes that when measured systematically, a fundal tallness inconsistent with gestation normally identifies if a foetus is smaller or larger than expected, but can besides acknowledge complications such as inaccurate day of the months, polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios, multiple gestation, uterine mass e.g. cyst or tumor, and intrauterine decease. Differences in the adult female ‘s organic structure and uterine environment are beyond the practician ‘s control so may non needfully let an accurate measuring as possible. False positives or negatives may happen if the adult female is corpulent, thin, taller than norm, shorter than norm or has excessively much or excessively small abdominal musculus tone ( Stables 2005 ) . Abnormal prevarication of the foetus such as transverse, rear of barrel, oblique and occipito-posterior can besides do a fundal tallness inconsistent with gestation and hence non bespeaking the right growing when utilizing fundal height as a showing tool ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . The symphisis fundal tallness measurings can be plotted on a symphisis fundal height chart, which represents the mean findings for gestational age and indicates what turning pattern the foetus is following ( Nice 2008 ) . When utilizing the measuring alongside th is chart, a survey conducted by Gardosi and Francis ( 1999 cited by Baston and Hall 2009 ) found that there was an addition in the sensing of both little and big babes for their gestational age. The fundus of Sarah ‘s womb is located utilizing a manus on her venters, puting it merely below the maternal xiphisternum and traveling gently downwards, until the fundus is felt, indicated by a alteration in soundness of the venters ( Viccars 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Johnson and Taylor ( 2011 ) , 0cm on the disposable tape step should be placed on the upper boundary line of the symphisis pubic bone, whereas Baston and Hall ( 2009 ) suggest that the measuring should get down from the fundus. The tape step was placed along the midplane of Sarah ‘s venters, between the fundus and the symphisis pubic bone, held swimmingly and firmly. Johnson and Taylor ( 2011 ) advise that the centimetre side of the tape step is placed downwards, as the measuring could go colored if the tallness is altered to nearer the existent gestation of the adult female, instead than being a true measuring. The fundal tallness in centimeters approximately equates to the hebdomad of gestation, with a bord er of mistake of plus or minus 2cm ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . At 36 hebdomads in a gravida I the caput may be engaged, doing the fundus to be somewhat lower and step at about the degree of a 34 hebdomad gestation ( Bharj and Henshaw 2011 ) . This was the instance when mensurating Sarah, and she confirmed that she has experienced ‘lightening ‘ ; Tiran ( 2012 ) explains that this is occurs when the foetal caput enters the pelvic lip and is accompanied by decreased force per unit area under the stop. In decision, How to cite How Pregnancy Impacted Her Life Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Substance Abuse Disorder in Malaysia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Substance Abuse Disorder in Malaysia. Answer: Introduction: In order to conduct a research, it becomes extremely important to conduct a social analysis to identify a social problem and to evaluate the urgency of discussing the problem for the benefit of the mankind. The problem which would be chosen should be such that it has become a concern to the nation and different concerned authorities are trying hard to mitigate the problem. In order to choose a problem, care should be taken that enough facts and figures should be present which would support the researchers cause of choosing of the problem. After correct selection of the issue, proper research questions and objectives need to be set which will eventually set the course of actions of the research accordingly. The following report has chosen an issue, justified the rationale behind it and provided proper facts and figures. It has also prepared correct research questions and objectives which if handled successfully will help to discover facts that will help in developing health policies r equired to mitigate the problem. Research problem and justification for choosing it: The leading incidents of death and poor quality life of the inhabitants of Malaysia is mainly due to substance abuse disorders. The most commonly used drugs in the present day society of Malaysia include heroin, methamphetamine and many different types of amphetamine type stimulants. These also include kratam, cannabis and ketamine. The main concern that is giving a very hard time to the government is the increased dependency on the methamphetamine. Statistical data suggests that seizures are the main result of the substance abuse disorders and has been recorded to be of the highest concern in the last few years (Bazazi et al., 2015). Opioid is being considered to be one of the most widely used drugs in the society and the use of other drugs is also increasing in the society to a large extent. This disorder results in huge impacts not only on the individual who is abusing the drug but also have harmful effects on the family members as well. It results in devastating impact on the phy sical and mental health on the abuser affecting the psychological well being of the individual (Hser et al., 2016). Moreover drug addiction is also resulting in a huge burden on the government of Malaysia. This is because they are requiring huge amount of enforcements from the authorities and also drains available health care resources which could have been allocated for severe chronic healthcare ailments. Different types of treatments have been initiated by the governments over a number of years out of which some have become successful while others required more researches in the treatment. Until the years of the late 1990, treatment of drug addiction was initiated in different parts of Malaysia and during those times enforcement of rehabilitation was found to be the main mode of treatment and different detention centers were introduced (Chie et al., 2015). However the success of the detention centers were later stated by the researchers to be controversial as they had noted a number of high post detention relapse rate. Another type of treatment was also introduced by the governmental health system for those individuals suffering form opioid dependence and was called the substitution therapy. This actually started in the year 2001 with the help of buprenorphine (Mak et al., 2014). Following this, another therapy that was introduced was the Methadone Replacement Therapy in the year 200 5. It was introduced with the plan of expanding at a scale which would have covered all healthcare centers by the year 2015. Although many initiatives have been taken by the government, the rate of substance abuse could not be reduced. Moreover the government strategy to introduce treatment therapies for abusers should be set as a secondary concern with the primary concern of realizing the main factors that are resulting in the more number of individuals of the present day societies (Culbert et al., 2016). The realization of the main reasons as well as the factors that are leading to the increased rates of substance abuse disorders will help the policy makers to prepare guidelines that will in turn help to reduce the rates. The initiatives from the policymakers, governments, community systems to realize the contributing factors and thereby provide changes in such a way so that the effects of the factors on the life of different individuals decreases, would ultimately help in turning the situation. Once the causes of the substance addiction are realized the concerned authorities will work on them to reduce the effect or modify situations by which such factors will eventually dissolve (Shetty, Shetty Rao, 2015). Therefore, in order to achieve this, it is very important to know the contributing factors that may be social, cultural, economical, physical, and emotional and many others. Hence proper research for the identification of the contributing factors for developing substance addiction is to be ventured. Problems and consequences of the issue that result in urgency to research over the topic: Such high rise of substance abuse had resulted in poor quality lives. A large number of disorders result like cardiovascular diseases. This may include angina, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and others. Moreover, lung diseases and different mental disorders take place. The later includes depression, bipolar disorders and many others and therefore mental health patients number are gradually increasing in Malaysia and rehabilitations are having increased demands. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C have also been found to occur in many cases. Cancer is another harmful chronic disorder that results from acute substance abuse cases (Culbert et al., 2016). These diseases in turn increase the chance of suffering and hospitalization states also increase. As a result there is flow of finance over treatments from the households resulting in poor quality lives of not only the affected individuals but also the family members. Moreover, it is also seen that often such individuals tend to lose their employment as they cannot give their best performance and hence lose their jobs, this results in financial crisis (Krishnan et al., 2016). These results in unhealthy lifestyles like living in cheap poor quality houses which actually result in improper health die to unhygienic surrounding. Moreover adolescents engaged in substance abuse lose their academic focus and hence turn out to be poor performer and compromises their quality future lives. Lack of education in their lives also causes more consumption of drugs and unhealthy food items leading to poor quality life. Hence, it is very important to analyze the problem and find out the factors that are causing these individuals to choose this option of substance abuse in their lives (Hser et al., 2016). Facts and figures to support the research: In order to shed more light on the urgency of the research, several facts and data can be provided which will create the ground determining the importance of the research. Statistical data represented by many esteemed dailies shows that about a total of 131,841 drug addicts are found to be registered in Malaysia in the period between January 2010 and February 2016 which had been claimed by the home ministry of the nation. It has been claimed by the minister Datuk Seri Dr Ahmad Zahid Hamidi that report released by the National Drug Information System, National Anti-Drug Agency (AADK), about 127797 drug addicts are male and about 4044 are women among the total number of drug addicts. Statistics also suggested that drug abusers who are adolescents that is about the age of 19 and also below it have amounted to about 8732 (Wikkersham et al., 2016). The total number of people who are addicted to the use of drugs and alcohol between the age 20 and 39 accounted for about 93,044. The last cat egory of the drug abusers who are 40 years old and above is recorded to be as high as 29,355. Information that can be stated in this context is the report provided by the AADK client profile management system states that within the time period of 2011 to 2015, about 20731 people were found to be undergoing treatment as well as rehabilitation at different cure and care rehabilitation centers of Malaysia whole quality of life was being tried to improve by the healthcare experts through proper treatments and therapies (Desrosiers et al., 20160. Moreover reports published in the year 2016 also suggested that almost 46% percent of between cases have been reported that is about 9563 new cases have been reported by the different concerned authorities which is clearly depicting the urgent need of analyzing the causes that is resulting in the increase and thereby planning to stop the increase or even decrease the rate of increase of abuse of drugs (Razali Kliewer, 2015). It has been astonis hing to see that in the year 2015, about 1973 which was about 41 % of the 4838 drug abusers who were undergoing treatment fell back in to their old habit of drug abuse resulting in more or less failure of the therapeutic treatment that they were undergoing. This resulted in loss of resources of the healthcare sectors (Singh et al., 2013). Although number of drugs abuses in the category of females was less than the male drug addicts but form the year 2010 to 2015, about 3889 females were noted out of which 538 people or about 14% went back into the old habit. About 3351 or 86 % of cases were new drug addicts in the female categories. Urgency of the mitigation of the problem: A large number of individuals develop physical as well as psychological dependence which ultimately results in the addiction taking over their lives leading to destruction of the quality of their lives. Many individuals often commit crime as they require excess finance to carry on with their addiction that ultimately makes them criminals and affect his life. Many of the individuals suffer from chronic mental and physical disorders that act as threat to their lives. Moreover they also fail to reach their potential as most of the time they remain intoxicated and fail to utilize any advantageous situation that may help them in their academic or professional career in their workplace (Krishnan et al., 2016). Moreover they also face several accidents when they drive cars or perform any activities that require concentration like working in high buildings, risky works in factories and many others. Often drug overdose affects their lives. Moreover, they also get engaged in a revolving cycle where they are imprisoned, released, again takes in drugs, re imprisoned and so on. They face difficulty in achieving future possibilities in schools, colleges and universities and fail to maintain steady employment in their workplace. Domestic violence, elder abuse and similar others also results. Hence it becomes extremely important for the researchers to conduct social analysis and identify the contributing factors and the igniters that result in taking of drugs and becoming addicted (Viknasingam et al., 2015). Following these, researchers will find out how these factors act as determinants of health and will eventually bring out strategies that will help to resolve the factors helping such individual to live a happy and contented life. Research questions: Therefore the research question would be What are the contributing factors that lead individual in Malaysia develop the habit of drug abuse? Another research question would be how would the policy makers develop strategies that would help in mitigation of the issues of drug addiction? Objectives of the research: The objective that would be set for the research is: Find out the main contributing factors that lead to drug abuse among individuals To explore the different situations that urges drug addiction in people To develop idea about the Psychological perspective when a individual decides to initiate drug intake/ To explore the feelings of satisfaction that occurs in them after them intake drugs. Conclusion: It can thereby be assured that when a research would be conducted on this topic, the research question as well as the objectives would help to arrange the procedural steps of the researches. Once the research is conducted successfully, the result will help the government, the policy makers as well as the concerned authorities to take proper steps which will help in mitigating the issues at a root level. 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